![]() ![]() ![]() The current study is the first to evaluate the CE and acetabular index angles for each hip joint independently and assess the degree of dorsal AFH coverage and the inclination angle (IA) in German Shepherd Dogs with normal and dysplastic hip joints. Furthermore, the previously estimated CE and acetabular index angles in the veterinary literature depended on both the right and left coxofemoral joints, because a line is drawn between the femoral head centers. Unlike human anteroposterior pelvic radiographs, canine VD pelvic radiographs are taken in the dorsal recumbent position hence, a midsagittal or transverse axis may not be effective for measuring the CE or acetabular index angle. 9 Measurement of the acetabular index angle relies on the use of the transverse planes drawn in the supine position in humans and the dorsal recumbent position in dogs. 9 On the other hand, the acetabular index angle is used to measure the steepness of the weight-bearing surface of the cranial acetabulum (the thick bone of the cranial acetabular edge) in humans 8 and dogs. However, these investigations relied on the contralateral hip joint to measure the CE angle using the long axis of the pelvis (the axis perpendicular to a line connecting the FH centers) 16 or using the midsagittal axis. 6, 7, 14, 15 Two reports identified the CE 9, 16 and acetabular index 9 angles on the extended VD pelvic radiographs in dogs. In humans, the center edge (CE) and acetabular index angles measured on the anteroposterior view are used to independently assess the degree of lateral AFH coverage and the steepness of the cranial acetabular edge, respectively, for each hip joint. 12, 13 However, this technique considers both coxofemoral joints. 11 The Norberg angle (NA) is a commonly used radiographic measurement in dogs to quantify the degree of lateral acetabular femoral head (AFH) coverage. ![]() 2, 6– 9 An extended ventrodorsal (VD) view of the pelvis, first introduced in the 1960s by Riser, 10 is still used to examine the canine coxofemoral joint, according to the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI), the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, and the British Veterinary Association and the Kennel Club. 4, 5 A variety of radiographic measurements have been utilized in both adult humans and dogs to assess hip dysplasia. 1, 2 The disease is prevalent in large-breed dogs that grow rapidly, 3 including German Shepherd Dogs, Labrador Retrievers, and Boxers. Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a developmental disorder of the coxofemoral joint accompanied by joint laxity and incongruity that may develop into coxarthrosis. ![]()
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